The design of all variables in the Va-PoReg dataset follows a set of clear conceptual and methodological principles. Our goal is to capture the full diversity and evolution of political regimes worldwide with maximum precision, comparability, and transparency.
Each variable is based on a well-defined concept drawn from the comparative literature on democracy, authoritarianism, hybrid regimes, and regime change. We distinguish regime types from governments, procedures from outcomes, and structural properties from behavioral symptoms. Conceptual clarity is the foundation of the entire dataset.
To avoid redundancy and ensure analytical clarity, each variable captures a distinct dimension of regime structure or transformation—such as the mechanism or direction of regime change, the inclusiveness of suffrage, or the degree of electoral competitiveness. Where simplified or aggregated variants of a variable are offered (e.g. binary liberal–autocratic classifications), they are clearly marked as derived from more fine-grained categories.
All coding categories are mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive. Fallback categories such as “unclear” are used only with explicit justification and strict documentation. Operationalization relies on observable institutional indicators and traceable sources, and the codebook provides decision rules and real-world examples for consistent application.
Special attention is given to borderline, transitional, and hybrid cases. Va-PoReg does not treat regimes as binary states but as evolving configurations. For each variable, we provide guidance for identifying dominant patterns and institutional tipping points.
Temporal consistency is ensured through clear coding rules. Annual variables refer to the institutional configuration in effect on July 1st. Event-based variables such as regime change are anchored in specific institutional ruptures or formal acts. Gradual processes like creeping autocratization are coded only once a substantive threshold has been crossed.
All variables are designed to be replicable by independent coders using the same rules. Where discretion is required, coders must document uncertainty and provide the rationale for classification. Normative assessments—such as regime quality—are based on minimal democratic standards grounded in democratic theory, not on regional conventions or subjective judgments.
We include a variable only if it adds distinct analytical value. The structure of the codebook reflects our commitment to conceptual precision, theoretical coherence, and long-term usability across disciplines and datasets.
This overview summarizes the foundations of variable construction in Va-PoReg. Full definitions, coding instructions, and examples are provided in the codebook.